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Establishment of Ostyak–Vogul and Yamal (Nenets) National Okrugs (modern Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug)
The first knowledge of Yamal and the indigenous peoples of these lands - the Nenets and Khanty (then they were called Samoyeds and Ostyaks) refer to the XI century. From 1187, the lower Ob was governed by Veliky Novgorod. After its defeat, this territory became a property of the Moscow Princes, who added names of "Obdorsk" and "Yugorsk" lands to their titles in 1502. In 1595, the Cossacks founded the Obdorsk fortress. It can be considered the beginning of Russian statehood on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug. Obdorsk fortress became the most northerly Russian outpost in Siberia at that time.
In the XVI-XVII centuries, Obdorsk land was part of the Tobolsk territories of the Russian Kingdom. Then it was included in the huge Siberian Governorate, formed in 1708 by Tsar Peter I. From 1782, it was in Tobolsk Province, in 1796-1920, belonged to Tobolsk Governorate.
The history of Khanty-Mansi Okrug has several milestones. The final edition of the Russian Primary Chronicle contains information about Ugra and its people in 1118. During the heyday of the Golden Horde, Siberian peoples, including new peoples migrated from China and Central Asia, were under the rule of the Horde khans. In the late period of the Golden Horde, the Siberian-Tatar princes formed an autonomous part of the Horde - the Siberian Kingdom (according to Russian chronicles), or the White Horde. In 1555, the rulers of the Siberian Kingdom, the Tatar princes Ediger and Bekbulat, voluntarily included this part of Siberia into the Moscow Kingdom.
Catherine the Great made several administrative and territorial reforms of the Siberian Kingdom (Tobolsk Governorate). The territory of modern Yugra became part of a large Tobolsk Governorate (Berezov, Tobolsk, Surgut and Pelym Uyezds).
The outcome of the October Revolution and the succeeding Civil War was a transformation of Tobolsk Province into Tyumen Governorate in 1920-1921. In 1923-1925, the country carried out a zonal reform. The Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of November 3, 1923, created the enlarged Ural Oblast of the RSFSR, which included this territory.
Further administrative and territorial reforms changed Ural Oblast. On December 10, 1930, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued the Resolution "On the organization of national associations in the areas of settlement of small ethnic groups of the North''. Ostyak-Vogul and Yamal (Nenets) National Okrugs formed Ural Oblast. The village of Ostyak-Vogul became the administrative centre of Ostyak-Vogul National Okrug, the village of Obdorsk became a centre of Yamal (Nenets) Okrug. Also, Yamal National Okrug obtained four districts with centres in Nadym, Tazovsk, Priuralsk and Yamal.
On January 17, 1934, the Ostyak-Vogul National Okrug was included in Ob-Irtysh Oblast with the centre in Tyumen. On December 7, 1934, it became part of Omsk Oblast. On October 23, 1940, it was renamed into the Khanty-Mansi National Okrug. Ostyak-Vogul received the name of Khanty-Mansiysk.
On August 14, 1944, the Khanty-Mansi Okrug became part of the recently created Tyumen Oblast. It aimed at promoting the national-cultural and socio-economic development of the peoples of the North. It was an administrative entity and defined the territories of the peoples of the North - Khanty and Mansi, denoted their special state and legal status, but had the same authorities as to the usual administrative-territorial unit.
In 1950, Khanty-Mansiysk received the status of a city and included the village of Samarovo.
The All-Union Constitution of 1977 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 made significant changes to the Okrug's state. It was declared autonomous, received representation in the highest bodies of state power of the USSR, and earned the right to legislative initiative. By the all-Russian law "On Autonomous Okrugs of the RSFSR" dated November 20, 1980, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug became a part of the administrative-territorial structure of the Russian Federation within Tyumen Oblast. Its authorities are included in the integrated system of local government bodies. The decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of December 9, 1970, awarded Khanty-Mansi National Okrug with the Order of Lenin for fulfilling the field development plan and increasing oil production. On December 29, 1972, Okrug received the Order of Friendship of Peoples for strengthening the fraternal friendship of Soviet peoples.
In 1993, the Khanty-Mansi Okrug became a subject of the Russian Federation and got the right to form its budget independently.
At present, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra is an independent subject of the Russian Federation. Yugra includes 105 municipalities. Khanty-Mansiysk is the administrative centre, Surgut is the largest city. Population - 1,674,676 residents (the largest score among the autonomous okrugs of Russia).
The Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug occupies a leading position in industrial production, the output of electric energy, oil and gas exploration and investment in capital assets among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At present, more than 10 billion tons of oil have been produced in Yugra since the beginning of the oil and gas exploration in Western Siberia. Autonomous Okrug remains the main strategic resource base of raw hydrocarbons in Russia for the coming decades. This conclusion considers explored reserves, production potential, production infrastructure and the profitability of development.
On December 10, 1930, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug was established as part of Ural Oblast like national territory. On June 20, 1933, the village of Obdorsk was renamed into Salekhard. Its Village Council was reorganized into a Settlement Council. On November 27, 1938, Salekhard received the status of a city.
The main sectors of the Okrug's economy in the pre-war years were the fishing industry and reindeer herding. Fur procurement improved rapidly (10 times from 1931 to 1940). After the Okrug's establishment, there arose a new industry - plant growing. In the Far North, they began to successfully grow potatoes, vegetables, fodder roots.
On August 14, 1944, Yamal Okrug became part of Tyumen Oblast. On August 10, 1944, it included the Krasnoselkupsky District.
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the basis of the petroleum economy of Russia. Geology determined the industrial future of Autonomous Okrug as the chief petroleum and energy complex of the country. In the summer of 1958, the Yamalo-Nenets Complex Geological Exploration Expedition was created in Salekhard. It launched an intensive survey of hydrocarbon deposits.
On April 14, 1962, the first gas fountain appeared in the Tazovsky tundra. From 1964 to 1966, five more large gas fields were discovered in Yamal, including Gubkinsky field with a reserve of 350 billion cubic meters of gas, as well as Urengoy field, which is the largest in the world. In 1967, three more fields were discovered, including the unique Medvezhye. In 1972, gas from Medvezhye was delivered to the Urals through the pipeline. In 1978, the Urengoy-Nadym gas pipeline was put into operation. Vyngapur gas flowed into the Urengoy - Tyumen - Chelyabinsk mainline. Yamal gas and oil become real. The names of small villages of Nadym, Novy Urengoy, Tarko-Sale, Noyabrsk became famous worldwide. They were lost in the endless expanses of tundra and taiga and turned into cities.
Since 1977, the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug has been autonomous. On October 18, 1991, Okrug adopted a declaration of sovereignty. Since 1992, after the signing of the Federal Treaty, it has been an independent subject of the Russian Federation. The administrative centre of Autonomous Okrug is Salekhard. At present, the population of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is 544 444 residents (according to Rosstat). Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug comprises 55 municipalities.
Based on the Presidential Library’s materials:
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area – Yugra: pages of history: [digital collection]
Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area: pages of history: [digital collection]