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Rocket artillery - ‘Katyusha’ BM-13 launching shoe - added to the armory
On June 21, 1941, on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Army added to its armory the repeating rocket launching shoe BM-13, called ‘Katyusha’. It was developed by NII-3 (Research Institute) under the guidance of A. G. Kostikov.
‘Katyusha’ was the first Russian mobile repeating payload rocket system of volley fire which combined in it rocket missiles, launching shoes, devices for gunfire control and transport means. Self-propelled mounting on automobiles were called a fighting vehicle of the rocket artillery. The repeating payload of the vehicle allowed hitting the target at significant distances. As to the volley fire, it ensured the suddenness and high efficiency of damage and moral influence over the enemy. The BM-13 fighting vehicle had 16 tracks for launching of M-13 missiles each of them weighting 42 kg and flying as far as 8 470 m.
On December 25, 1939 the M-13 132 mm rocket missile and the launching shoe named ‘BM-13’ were approved by the Red Army Artillery Department. NII-3 was ordered to produce 5 such launching shoes and a lot of rocket missiles for military tests. On June 17, 1941 at a firing ground near Moscow during the revision of the new armory models of the Red Army, the multiple launching from the fighting vehicles BM-13 were made.
On June 21, 1941, having revised the rocket weapons models, the Supreme Commander in Chief I. Stalin decided to develop the batch production of M-13 rocket missiles and BM-13 launching shoe and to start the formation of rocket military units.
In the end of June 1941 near Moscow was formed the first independent experimental rocket artillery battery under the commandment of Captain I.A. Flyorov. On July 14, 1941 near the junction Orsha and at Orshitsa River crossing it made its first volleys at the enemy.
On this day the German commandment received a panic-stricken report from the front: ‘The Russians used a battery with the unusual number of guns. The troops fired by Russians evidence: the fire volley is like a hurricane. The losses are quite impressive’.
The ‘Katyusha’ bombardment results were so impressive that by September there had been produced seven more batteries. In August of 1941 the Chief Headquarters made a decision to form eight regiments of rocket artillery armed with BM-8 and BM-13 launching shoes.
The rocket artillery was actively used at the most important sectors of the Soviet-German front and had a great influence on the course of the military actions. On the Army orders during the war had been developed various types of rocket missiles and launching shoes (BM-13-SN, BM-48, BM31-12, etc.). in July 1941 – December 1944 the Soviet industry had produced over 10 000 ‘Katyusha’ fighting vehicles and over 12 million of rocket missiles for them.
The origin of the popular name given to BM-13 launch facility was not defined exactly. The most common versions relate it with the popular at the time song ‘Katyusha’; with a characteristic sound made at the missiles’ launch and with the factory emblem of the producer (Komintern Voronezh factory) represented by the letter “K” marking the launching shoe.
Lit.: Каргопольцев С. Флёров Иван Андреевич [Электронный ресурс] // Герои страны. 2000-2019. URL: http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=5231; Нестеренко А. И. Огонь ведут Катюши. М., 1975; То же [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.sinopa.ee/katusha/katusha01/katus00/katusha01.htm; Павлов Ю. А. По дорогам войны с «катюшами». М., 2002; Прохорков И., Трусов В. Реактивная артиллерия в Великой Отечественной войне // Военно-исторический журнал. 1966. № 1; То же [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://www.rkka.ru/analys/reaktiv/main.htm#z1; Сушан Г. Такие разные «Катюши» // Техника молодёжи. 2002. № 8.
From the Presidential library materials:
The power of Russian weapons : [fragments of newsreels]. St. Petersburg. 2010;